Science posts

See science posts on page 15 below.

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• • 2010
  • Inna Fishman et al.
  • Do extraverts process social stimuli differently from introverts?
  • The personality trait of extraversion has been linked to the network of brain systems controlling sensitivity to cues of reward and generating approach behavior in response, but little is known about whether extraverts' neural circuits are especially sensitive to social stimuli, given their preference for social engagement. Utilizing event-related potential (ERP) methodology, this study demonstrates that variation on the extraversion dimension is associated with the extent to which social stimuli evoke enhanced allocation of attention. Specifically, higher scores on extraversion were found to be associated with higher amplitudes of the P300 component of the ERPs elicited by human faces. This finding suggests that social stimuli carry enhanced motivational significance for individuals characterized by high extraversion, and that individual differences in personality are related to meaningful individual differences in neural responses to social stimuli.
• • 2013
  • Chernyshev, Boris Vladimirovich et al.
  • Temperament: An event-related potential study using the oddball paradigm
  • The present study examined the structure of interrelations between brain event-related potentials and behavioral measures and temperament dimensions during an attention task. Three temperament questionnaires were used: Eysenck Personality Inventory, Strelau Temperament Inventory, and Rusalov Structure of Temperament Questionnaire. Event-related potentials were recorded using the active auditory oddball paradigm. The stimuli (85 dB; 1050 and 1000 Hz sinusoidal tones as targets and non-targets, respectively) were easily discriminated by all of the participants. A complex framework of interrelations between temperament and personality dimensions, behavioral measures, and event-related potentials was found. P3 amplitude was negatively correlated with the number of response omissions. Emotionality was positively correlated with P2 and N1-P2 complex amplitudes. Extraversion and Mobility of Nervous Processes were negatively correlated with the amplitude of the N1-P2 complex, and Social Ergo..
• • 2013
  • Inna Fishman et al.
  • Error-related brain activity in extraverts: Evidence for altered response monitoring in social context
  • While the personality trait of extraversion has been linked to enhanced reward sensitivity and its putative neural correlates, little is known about whether extraverts’ neural circuits are particularly sensitive to social rewards, given their preference for social engagement and social interactions. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), this study examined the relationship between the variation on the extraversion spectrum and a feedback-related ERP component (the error-related negativity or ERN) known to be sensitive to the value placed on errors and reward. Participants completed a forced-choice task, in which either rewarding or punitive feedback regarding their performance was provided, through either social (facial expressions) or non-social (verbal written) mode. The ERNs elicited by error trials in the social – but not in non-social – blocks were found to be associated with the extent of one's extraversion. However, the directionality of the effect was in co..
• • 2014
  • Damee Choi et al.
  • Effect of empathy trait on attention to faces: an event-related potential (ERP) study
  • Background: Empathy is deeply linked with the ability to adapt to human social environments. The present study investigated the relationship between the empathy trait and attention elicited by discriminating facial expressions. Methods: Event-related potentials were measured while 32 participants (17 men and 15 women) discriminated facial expressions (happy or angry) and colors of flowers (yellow or purple) under an oddball paradigm. The empathy trait of participants was measured using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1980). Results: The empathy trait correlated positively with both the early portion (300 to 600 ms after stimulus onset) and late portion (600 to 800 ms after stimulus onset) of late positive potential (LPP) amplitude elicited by faces, but not with LPP elicited by flowers. Conclusions: This result suggests that, compared to people with low empathy, people with high empathy pay more attention when discriminating facial expressions. The present stu..
• • 2015
  • Frederic M. Stoll et al.
  • The Effects of Cognitive Control and Time on Frontal Beta Oscillations
  • Frontal beta oscillations are associated with top-down control mechanisms but also change over time during a task. It is unclear whether change over time represents another control function or a neural instantiation of vigilance decrements over time, the time-on-task effect. We investigated how frontal beta oscillations are modulated by cognitive control and time. We used frontal chronic electrocorticography in monkeys performing a trial-and-error task, comprising search and repetition phases. Specific beta oscillations in the delay period of each trial were modulated by task phase and adaptation to feedback. Beta oscillations in this same period showed a significant within-session change. These separate modulations of beta oscillations did not interact. Crucially, and in contrast to previous investigations, we examined modulations of beta around spontaneous pauses in work. After pauses, the beta power modulation was reset and the cognitive control effect was maintained. Cognitive pe..
• • 2015
  • Robert Eres et al.
  • Individual differences in local gray matter density are associated with differences in affective and cognitive empathy
  • The understanding of empathy from a neuroscientific perspective has recently developed quickly, with numerous functional MRI studies associating different brain regions with different components of empathy. A recent meta-analysis across 40 fMRI studies revealed that affective empathy is most often associated with increased activity in the insula, whereas cognitive empathy is most often associated with activity in the midcingulate cortex and adjacent dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (MCC/dmPFC). To date, however, it remains unclear whether individual differences in brain morphometry in these regions underlie different dispositions in affective and cognitive empathy. In order to test this hypothesis, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to examine the extent to which gray matter density predicts scores from an established empathy measure (Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy; QCAE). One hundred and seventy-six participants completed the QCAE and underwent MRI in order to acq..
• • 2014
  • Raja Parasuraman et al.
  • Interactive Effects of the COMT Gene and Training on Individual Differences in Supervisory Control of Unmanned Vehicles
  • Objective: We examined whether a gene known to influence dopamine availability in the prefrontal cortex is associated with individual differences in learning a supervisory control task. Background: Methods are needed for selection and training of human operators who can effectively supervise multiple unmanned vehicles (UVs). Compared to the valine (Val) allele, the methionine (Met) allele of the COMT gene has been linked to superior executive function, but it is not known whether it is associated with training-related effects in multi-UV supervisory control performance. Method: Ninety-nine healthy adults were genotyped for the COMT Val158Met single nucleotide polymorphism (rs4680) and divided into Met/Met, Val/Met, and Val/Val groups. Participants supervised six UVs in an air defense mission requiring them to attack incoming enemy aircraft and protect a no-fly zone from intruders in conditions of low and high task load (numbers of enemy aircraft). Training effects were examin..
• • 2009
  • Fabio Sambataro et al.
  • Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Valine158Methionine Polymorphism Modulates Brain Networks Underlying Working Memory Across Adulthood
  • Background Cognitive abilities decline with age with large individual variability. Genetic variations have been suggested to be an important source for some of this heterogeneity. Among these variations, those related to the dopaminergic system, particularly the valine158methionine polymorphism in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMTval158met), have been implicated in modulating age-related changes in executive function. Methods We studied 75 subjects (age 21–90 years) using functional neuroimaging while they performed a low-level working memory (WM) task to explore the effects of aging, of the COMTval158met polymorphism, and their interactions on the physiological patterns of interconnected cortical activity engaged by WM. Results Our results show that val homozygotes and older subjects showed increased activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and decreased activity in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) relative to met homozygotes and younger subjec..
• • 2009
  • Axel Krug et al.
  • The effect of the COMT val158 met polymorphism on neural correlates of semantic verbal fluency
  • Variation in the val158met polymorphism of the COMT gene has been found to be associated with cognitive performance. In functional neuroimaging studies, this dysfunction has been linked to signal changes in prefrontal areas. Given the complex modulation and functional heterogeneity of frontal lobe systems, further specification of COMT gene-related phenotypes differing in prefrontally mediated cognitive performance are of major interest. Eighty healthy individuals (54 men, 26 women; mean age 23.3 years) performed an overt semantic verbal fluency task while brain activation was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). COMT val158met genotype was determined and correlated with brain activation measured with fMRI during the task. Although there were no differences in performance, brain activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus [Brodmann area 10] was positively correlated with the number of val alleles in the COMT gene. COMT val158met status modulates brain activat..
• • 2012
  • Elizabeth M. Tunbridge et al.
  • Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) influences the connectivity of the prefrontal cortex at rest
  • Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) modulates dopamine in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and influences PFC dopamine-dependent cognitive task performance. A human COMT polymorphism (Val158Met) alters enzyme activity and is associated with both the activation and functional connectivity of the PFC during task performance, particularly working memory. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and a data-driven, independent components analysis (ICA) approach to compare resting state functional connectivity within the executive control network (ECN) between young, male COMT Val158 (n = 27) and Met158 (n = 28) homozygotes. COMT genotype effects on grey matter were assessed using voxel-based morphometry. COMT genotype significantly modulated functional connectivity within the ECN, which included the head of the caudate, and anterior cingulate and frontal cortical regions. Val158 homozygotes showed greater functional connectivity between a cluster within the left ventrolateral PFC an..

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• • Science posts on page 11.
  • Articles on page 11 science are about: Temperament, Personality, Individual differences, Genetics, Epigenetics, Medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC), Episodic memory, Episodic future thinking, Counterfactual thinking, Prefrontal cortex (PFC), Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (LPFC), Frontopolar cortex (FPC) / Broadmanns Area 10 (BA10) / Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (rlPFC) / anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC), Frontoparietal, Frontal cortex (FC), Default mode network (DMN), Oxytocin (Oxt, OT), Dopamine (DA), Working memory, Interference, General intelligence (G), Cognitive control, Social cognition, Temporal discounting / Delayed discounting, Reflective vs Reflexive, Behavior inhibition.
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• • Science posts on page 68.
  • Articles on page 68 science are about: Social mechanical, Ventral attention, Social cognition, Default mode network (DMN), Dorsal attention, Mentalizing network, Frontoparietal control, Working memory, Dual-process model.
• • Science posts on page 64.
  • Articles on page 64 science are about: Serotonin transporters (5-HTT or SERT), Serotonin (5-HT), Cognitive style, Cognitive affective, Affective style, Short-term memory, Memory consolidation, Long-term memory, Dopamine (DA), Intuition, Temperament, Top-down bottom-up, Social cognition, Default mode network (DMN).
• • Science posts on page 17.
  • Articles on page 17 science are about: Perceptual, Noradrenaline (NA) or Norepinephrine (NE), Individual differences, Consciousness, Tonic & Phasic, Dopamine (DA), COMT Val158Met, Val108/158Met or rs4680, Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), Motivation, Valence, Reward, Impulsivity, Cognitive control, Extraversion, Striatum, Novelty-seeking, Temperament.